(gdb) r 1234567890123456 tarting program: /home/sha0/ncn/inbincible 1234567890123456 ... Yeah!
Ok, but the problem is not in main.main, is main.function.001 who must sent the 0x01 via channel.
This function xors byte by byte the input "1234567890123456" with a byte array xor key, and is compared with another byte array.
=> 0x8049456: xor %ebp,%ecx
This xor, encode the argument with a key byte by byte
The xor key can be dumped from memory but I prefer to use this macro:
(gdb) b *0x8049456 (gdb) commands >i r ecx >c >end (gdb) c Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x1218 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x4569 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x3351 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x87135 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x65101 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x1218 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x4569 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x3351 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x87135 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x65101 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x1218 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x4569 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x3351 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x87135 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x65101 Breakpoint 2, 0x08049456 in main.func () ecx 0x1218
The result of the xor will compared with another array byte, each byte matched, a 0x01 will be sent.
The cmp of the xored argument byte, will determine if the channel send 0 or 1
(gdb) b *0x0804946a (gdb) commands >i r al >c >end
At this point we have the byte array used to xor the argument, and the byte array to be compared with, if we provide an input that xored with the first byte array gets the second byte array, the code will send 0x01 by the channel the 16 times.
If hacking is performed to identify the potential threats to a computer or network then it will be an ethical hacking.
Ethical hacking is also called penetration testing, intrusion testing, and red teaming.
Hacking is the process of gaining access to a computer system with the intention of fraud, data stealing, and privacy invasion etc., by identifying its weaknesses.
Ethical Hackers:
A person who performs the hacking activities is called a hacker.
There are six types of hackers:
The Ethical Hacker (White hat)
Cracker
Grey hat
Script kiddies
Hacktivist
Phreaker
A security professional who uses his/her hacking skills for defensive purposes is called an ethical hacker. To strengthen the security, ethical hackers use their skills to find vulnerabilities, document them, and suggest the ways to rectify them.
Companies that provide online services or those which are connected to the internet, must perform penetration testing by ethical hackers. Penetration testing is another name of ethical hacking. It can be performed manually or through an automation tool.
Ethical hackers work as an information security expert. They try to break the security of a computer system, network, or applications. They identify the weak points and based on that, they give advice or suggestions to strengthen the security.
Programming languages that are used for hacking include PHP, SQL, Python, Ruby, Bash, Perl, C, C++, Java, VBScript, Visual Basic, C Sharp, JavaScript, and HTML.
Nmap is a security scanner, port scanner, as well as a network exploration tool. It is an open source software and is available for free.
It supports cross-platform. It can be used for network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and for monitoring host & service uptime. It can work for a single host as well as large networks. It provides binary packages for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.
Features:
Nmap suite has:
Data transfer, redirection, and debugging tool(Ncat),
Scan results comparing utility(Ndiff),
Packet generation and response analysis tool (Nping),
GUI and Results viewer (Nping)
Using raw IP packets it can determine:
The available hosts on the network.
Their services offered by these available hosts.
Their OS.
Packet filters they are using.
And many other characteristics.
Best for: Nmap is best for scanning network. It is easy to use and fast as well.
Netsparker is a dead accurate ethical hacking tool, that mimics a hacker's moves to identify vulnerabilities such as SQL Injection and Cross-site Scripting in web applications and web APIs.
Netsparker uniquely verifies the identified vulnerabilities proving they are real and not false positives, so you do not need to waste hours manually verifying the identified vulnerabilities once a scan is finished.
It is available as a Windows software and an online service.
Acunetix is a fully automated ethical hacking tool that detects and reports on over 4500 web application vulnerabilities including all variants of SQL Injection and XSS.
The Acunetix crawler fully supports HTML5 and JavaScript and Single-page applications, allowing auditing of complex, authenticated applications.
It bakes in advanced Vulnerability Management features right-into its core, prioritizing risks based on data through a single, consolidated view, and integrating the scanner's results into other tools and platforms.
Price: Metasploit Framework is an open source tool and it can be downloaded for free. Metasploit Pro is a commercial product. Its free trial is available for 14 days. Contact the company to know more about its pricing details.
Description:
It is the software for penetration testing. Using Metasploit Framework, you can develop and execute exploit code against a remote machine. It supports cross-platform.
Features:
It is useful for knowing about security vulnerabilities.
Helps in penetration testing.
Helps in IDS signature development.
You can create security testing tools.
Best For Building anti-forensic and evasion tools.
Aircrack-ng provides different tools for evaluating Wi-Fi network security.
All are command line tools. For Wi-Fi security, it focuses on monitoring, attacking, testing, and cracking. It supports Linux, Windows, OS X, Free BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, and eComStation 2.
Features:
Aircrack-ng can focus on Replay attacks, de-authentication, fake access points, and others.
It supports exporting data to text files.
It can check Wi-Fi cards and driver capabilities.
It can crack WEP keys and for that, it makes use of FMS attack, PTW attack, and dictionary attacks.
It can crack WPA2-PSK and for that, it makes use of dictionary attacks.
Best For: Supports any wireless network interface controller.
Wireshark is a packet analyzer and can perform deep inspection of many protocols.
It supports cross-platform. It allows you to export the output to different file formats like XML, PostScript, CSV, and Plaintext. It provides the facility to apply coloring rules to packet list so that analysis will be easier and quicker. The above image will show the capturing of packets.
Features:
It can decompress the gzip files on the fly.
It can decrypt many protocols like IPsec, ISAKMP, and SSL/TLS etc.
It can perform live capture and offline analysis.
It allows you to browse the captured network data using GUI or TTY-mode TShark utility.
Ettercap supports cross-platform. Using Ettercap's API, you can create custom plugins. Even with the proxy connection, it can do sniffing of HTTP SSL secured data.
Price: The Community version, Maltego CE is available for free. Price for Maltego Classic is $999. Price for Maltego XL is $1999. These two products are for the desktop. Price for the server products like CTAS, ITDS, and Comms starts at $40000, which includes training as well.
Description:
Maltego is a tool for link analysis and data mining. It supports Windows, Linux, and Mac OS.
For the discovery of data from open sources and visualizing the information in graphical format, it provides the library of transforms. It performs real-time data-mining and information gathering.
Features:
Represents the data on node-based graph patterns.
Maltego XL can work with large graphs.
It will provide you the graphical picture, thereby telling you about the weak points and abnormalities of the network.
Nikto is an open source tool for scanning the web server.
It scans the web server for dangerous files, outdated versions, and particular version related problems. It saves the report in a text file, XML, HTML, NBE, and CSV file formats. Nikto can be used on the system which supports basic Perl installation. It can be used on Windows, Mac, Linux, and UNIX systems.
Features:
It can check web servers for over 6700 potentially dangerous files.
It has full HTTP proxy support.
Using Headers, favicons, and files, it can identify the installed software.
It can scan the server for outdated server components.
Price: It has three pricing plans. Community edition can be downloaded for free. Pricing for Enterprise edition starts at $3999 per year. Price of the Professional edition starts at $399 per user per year.
Description:
Burp Suite has a web vulnerability scanner and has advanced and essential manual tools.
It provides many features for web application security. It has three editions, community, enterprise, and professional. With community editions, it provides essential manual tools. With the paid versions it provides more features like Web vulnerabilities scanner.
Features:
It allows you to schedule and repeats the scan.
It scans for 100 generic vulnerabilities.
It uses out-of-band techniques (OAST).
It provides detailed custom advisory for the reported vulnerabilities.
John the Ripper is a tool for password cracking. It can be used on Windows, DOS, and Open VMS. It is an open source tool. It is created for detecting weak UNIX passwords.
Features:
John the Ripper can be used to test various encrypted passwords.
It performs dictionary attacks.
It provides various password crackers in one package.
Angry IP Scanner is a tool for scanning the IP addresses and ports. It can scan both on local network and Internet. It supports Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems.
As explained here, Nmap is used for computer security and network management. It is good for scanning the network. Metasploit is also for security and is good for building anti-forensic and evasion tools.
Aircrack-Ng is a free packet sniffer & injector and supports cross-platform. Wireshark is a packet analyzer and is good in analyzing data packets. As per the reviews available online, people recommend using Nmap instead of Angry IP scanner as Angry IP Scanner comes with unwanted applications.
John the Ripper is fast in password cracking. Nikto is a good open source tool for penetration testing. Maltego presents the data in a graphical form and will give you information about weak points and abnormalities.
This was all about the ethical hacking and the top ethical hacking tools. Hope you will find this article to be much useful!!
Bob was tasked to break into XYZcorporation, so he pulled up the facility on google maps to see what the layout was. He was looking for any possible entry paths into the company headquarters. Online maps showed that the whole facility was surrounded by a security access gate. Not much else could be determined remotely so bob decided to take a drive to the facility and get a closer look.
Bob parked down the street in view of the entry gate. Upon arrival he noted the gate was un-manned and cars were rolling up to the gate typing in an access code or simply driving up to the gate as it opening automatically.Interestingly there was some kind of wireless technology in use.
How do we go from watching a car go through a gate, to having a physical device that opens the gate?
We will take a look at reversing a signal from an actual gate to program a remote with the proper RF signal.Learning how to perform these steps manually to get a better understanding of how RF remotes work in conjunction with automating processes with RFCrack.
In the the previous blogs, we sniffed signals and replayed them to perform actions. In this blog we are going to take a look at a signal and reverse it to create a physical device that will act as a replacement for the original device. Depending on the scenario this may be a better approach if you plan to enter the facility off hours when there is no signal to capture or you don't want to look suspicious.
Recon:
Lets first use the scanning functionality in RFCrack to find known frequencies. Weneed to understand the frequencies that gates usually use. This way we can set our scanner to a limited number of frequencies to rotate through. The smaller rage of frequencies used will provide a better chance of capturing a signal when a car opens the target gate. This would be beneficial if the scanning device is left unattended within a dropbox created with something like a Kali on a Raspberry Pi. One could access it from a good distance away by setting up a wifi hotspot or cellular connection.
Based on research remotes tend to use 315Mhz, 390Mhz, 433Mhz and a few other frequencies. So in our case we will start up RFCrack on those likely used frequencies and just let it run. We can also look up the FCID of our clicker to see what Frequencies manufactures are using. Although not standardized, similar technologies tend to use similar configurations. Below is from the data sheet located at https://fccid.io/HBW7922/Test-Report/test-report-1755584 which indicates that if this gate is compatible with a universal remote it should be using the 300,310, 315, 372, 390 Frequencies. Most notably the 310, 315 and 390 as the others are only on a couple configurations.
RFCrack Scanning:
Since the most used ranges are 310, 315, 390 within our universal clicker, lets set RFCrack scanner to rotate through those and scan for signals.If a number of cars go through the gate and there are no captures we can adjust the scanner later over our wifi connection from a distance.
Currently Scanning: 433000000 To cancel hit enter and wait a few seconds
Example of logging output:
From the above output you will see that a frequency was found on 390. However, if you had left this running for a few hours you could easily see all of the output in the log file located in your RFCrack/scanning_logs directory.For example the following captures were found in the log file in an easily parseable format:
Analyzing the signal to determine toggle switches:
Ok sweet, now we have a valid signal which will open the gate. Of course we could just replay this and open the gate, but we are going to create a physical device we can pass along to whoever needs entry regardless if they understand RF. No need to fumble around with a computer and look suspicious.Also replaying a signal with RFCrack is just to easy, nothing new to learn taking the easy route.
The first thing we are going to do is graph the capture and take a look at the wave pattern it creates. This can give us a lot of clues that might prove beneficial in figuring out the toggle switch pattern found in remotes. There are a few ways we can do this. If you don't have a yardstick at home you can capture the initial signal with your cheap RTL-SDR dongle as we did in the first RF blog. We could then open it in audacity. This signal is shown below.
Let RFCrack Plot the Signal For you:
The other option is let RFCrack help you out by taking a signal from the log output above and let RFCrack plot it for you.This saves time and allows you to use only one piece of hardware for all of the work.This can easily be done with the following command:
From the graph output we see 2 distinct crest lengths and some junk at either end we can throw away. These 2 unique crests correspond to our toggle switch positions of up/down giving us the following 2 possible scenarios using a 9 toggle switch remote based on the 9 crests above:
Possible toggle switch scenarios:
down down up up up down down down down
up up down down down up up up up
Configuring a remote:
Proper toggle switch configuration allows us to program a universal remote that sends a signal to the gate. However even with the proper toggle switch configuration the remote has many different signals it sends based on the manufacturer or type of signal.In order to figure out which configuration the gate is using without physically watching the gate open, we will rely on local signal analysis/comparison.
Programming a remote is done by clicking the device with the proper toggle switch configuration until the gate opens and the correct manufacturer is configured. Since we don't have access to the gate after capturing the initial signal we will instead compare each signal from he remote to the original captured signal.
Comparing Signals:
This can be done a few ways, one way is to use an RTLSDR and capture all of the presses followed by visually comparing the output in audacity. Instead I prefer to use one tool and automate this process with RFCrack so that on each click of the device we can compare a signal with the original capture. Since there are multiple signals sent with each click it will analyze all of them and provide a percent likelihood of match of all the signals in that click followed by a comparing the highest % match graph for visual confirmation. If you are seeing a 80-90% match you should have the correct signal match.
Note:Not every click will show output as some clicks will be on different frequencies, these don't matter since our recon confirmed the gate is communicating on 390Mhz.
In order to analyze the signals in real time you will need to open up your clicker and set the proper toggle switch settings followed by setting up a sniffer and live analysis with RFCrack:
Open up 2 terminals and use the following commands:
#Setup a sniffer on 390mhz Setup sniffer:python RFCrack.py -k -c -f 390000000.
#Monitor the log file, and provide the gates original signal Setup Analysis: python RFCrack.py -c -u 1f0fffe0fffc01ff803ff007fe0fffc1fff83fff07ffe0007c -n.
Cmd switches used
-k = known frequency
-c = compare mode
-f = frequency
-n = no yardstick needed for analysis
Make sure your remote is configured for one of the possible toggle configurations determined above. In the below example I am using the first configuration, any extra toggles left in the down position: (down down up up up down down down down)
Analyze Your Clicks:
Now with the two terminals open and running click the reset switch to the bottom left and hold till it flashes. Then keep clicking the left button and viewing the output in the sniffing analysis terminal which will provide the comparisons as graphs are loaded to validate the output.If you click the device and no output is seen, all that means is that the device is communicating on a frequency which we are not listening on.We don't care about those signals since they don't pertain to our target.
At around the 11th click you will see high likelihood of a match and a graph which is near identical. A few click outputs are shown below with the graph from the last output with a 97% match.It will always graph the highest percentage within a click.Sometimes there will be blank graphs when the data is wacky and doesn't work so well. This is fine since we don't care about wacky data.
You will notice the previous clicks did not show even close to a match, so its pretty easy to determine which is the right manufacture and setup for your target gate. Now just click the right hand button on the remote and it should be configured with the gates setup even though you are in another location setting up for your test.
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.05
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.12
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.20
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.19
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.25
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.97
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.90
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.88
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.44
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
Graph Comparison Output for 97% Match:
Conclusion:
You have now walked through successfully reversing a toggle switch remote for a security gate. You took a raw signal and created a working device using only a Yardstick and RFCrack.This was just a quick tutorial on leveraging the skillsets you gained in previous blogs in order to learn how to analyzeRF signals within embedded devices. There are many scenarios these same techniques could assist in.We also covered a few new features in RF crack regarding logging, graphing and comparing signals.These are just a few of the features which have been added since the initial release. For more info and other features check the wiki.
Are you tired of reading endless news stories about ethical hacking and not really knowing what that means? Let's change that!
This Post is for the people that:
Have No Experience With Cybersecurity (Ethical Hacking)
Have Limited Experience.
Those That Just Can't Get A Break
OK, let's dive into the post and suggest some ways that you can get ahead in Cybersecurity.
I receive many messages on how to become a hacker. "I'm a beginner in hacking, how should I start?" or "I want to be able to hack my friend's Facebook account" are some of the more frequent queries. Hacking is a skill. And you must remember that if you want to learn hacking solely for the fun of hacking into your friend's Facebook account or email, things will not work out for you. You should decide to learn hacking because of your fascination for technology and your desire to be an expert in computer systems. Its time to change the color of your hat 😀
I've had my good share of Hats. Black, white or sometimes a blackish shade of grey. The darker it gets, the more fun you have.
If you have no experience don't worry. We ALL had to start somewhere, and we ALL needed help to get where we are today. No one is an island and no one is born with all the necessary skills. Period.OK, so you have zero experience and limited skills…my advice in this instance is that you teach yourself some absolute fundamentals.
Let's get this party started.
What is hacking?
Hacking is identifying weakness and vulnerabilities of some system and gaining access with it.
Hacker gets unauthorized access by targeting system while ethical hacker have an official permission in a lawful and legitimate manner to assess the security posture of a target system(s)
There's some types of hackers, a bit of "terminology". White hat — ethical hacker. Black hat — classical hacker, get unauthorized access. Grey hat — person who gets unauthorized access but reveals the weaknesses to the company. Script kiddie — person with no technical skills just used pre-made tools. Hacktivist — person who hacks for some idea and leaves some messages. For example strike against copyright.
Google is the search engine where the people look up for the things. Yet apart from being only a search engine this website is highly functional and has a lot of functions dubbed inside it. And even the webmasters don't know about all the features as they are so vast that you need to explore lots of things to get to know about them all. There are a number of gravity opposing tricks in the Google search page that you would like to enjoy. Well many of you guys must be new to this word as only 15% of Google users know this thing and for rest, I'm here to guide you up in this. Here in this article, we have written about the best google gravity tricks that you could ever find in this year. If you are interested to know about it then please read the main section of this post as it is given below. This was all the introduction part of this post and now after this line, we are going to skip to the main section. We recommend you to read till the end to get the fullest information from this page!
Top 10 Best Google Gravity Tricks 2018
Below I have mentioned some of the best tricks that I tried as I was getting bored and thought about exploring something new and then I searched Google Tricks on google and then I get to know that even these things are also possible on the Google. You can use so many different things to kill your boredom on Google. There I decided to note down these tricks and share the article with you so that you can also avail these. So follow the below guide to proceed.
This is the first trick that amazed me as when I get to know this thing can happen when I was really surprised as it was quite funny. It is a standout amongst the most astonishing google gravity trap. In this trap, the substance will appear like tumbling to a level surface. Every one of the substances like pictures, writings, and so on of your page will be upset. They will look somewhat bouncy and turned around that looks exceptionally energizing and stunning.
This is second best google gravity trap. In this trap, the substance rotates in a round way. Be that as it may, you will think that its little hard to deal with it since you need to chip away at turning writings.
This is one of my most loved google gravity trap. In this deceive you will see somewhere in the range of zeros spreading in your page. to utilize this trap Open Google.com and hunt Zerg Rush through utilizing the search bar.
This is of the most attractive google gravity trap. In this deceive you will see a domain of submerged. You will see the pursuit bar coasting in the water.
This is likewise an astounding google gravity trap. In this deceive, you will get an impact to your page with which, your page will turn in a solitary minute.
This is additionally a stunning google gravity trap. In this deceive, you can play guitar on the web index. You can play your coveted tunes with it. Google will give you notes to your tunes.
This is one of the coolest Google gravity trap. In this deceive, you will get a perfect representation of your site page. You will feel like you are on the opposite side of the screen.
In this google gravity deceive you encounter a dream of the room. It implies that the substance of your page will appear like gliding noticeable all around with no gravitational power.
Best Google Gravity Tricks 2018 That You Need To Try
This is the standout amongst the most energizing google gravity trap. With this deceive, you can play Pacman game in this.
Finally, after reading this article, you have got to know about. We have tried to provide you this content in the simple and easy to read wordings and hope that you would have easily got about everything written up here. We believe that you might like this article and if it is what you think then please try to share it with others too. Your indulgence in our post is really valuable to us, so do not miss to write about your opinions and suggestions regarding this article through using the comments section below. At last but never the least thanks for reading this article!
